Effects of chlorhexidine preprocedural rinse on bacteremia in periodontal patients: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: Single dose of systemic antibiotics and short-term use of mouthwashes reduce bacteremia. However, the effects of a single dose of preprocedural rinse are still controversial. This study evaluated, in periodontally diseased patients, the effects of a pre-procedural mouth rinse on induced bacteremia. Material and Methods: Systemically healthy individuals with gingivitis (n=27) or periodontitis (n = 27) were randomly allocated through a sealed envelope system to: 0.12% chlorhexidine pre-procedural rinse (13 gingivitis and 13 periodontitis patients) or no rinse before dental scaling (14 gingivitis and 15 periodontitis patients). Periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque, and gingival indices were measured and subgingival samples were collected. Blood samples were collected before dental scaling, 2 and 6 minutes after scaling. Total bacterial load and levels of P. gingivalis were determined in oral and blood samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction, while aerobic and anaerobic counts were determined by culture in blood samples. The primary outcome was the antimicrobial effect of the pre-procedural rinse. Data was compared by Mann-Whitney and Signal tests (p<0.05). Results: In all sampling times, polymerase chain reaction revealed higher blood bacterial levels than culture (p<0.0001), while gingivitis patients presented lower bacterial levels in blood than periodontitis patients (p<0.0001). Individuals who experienced bacteremia showed worse mean clinical attachment level (3.4 mm vs. 1.1 mm) and more subgingival bacteria (p<0.005). The pre-procedural rinse did not reduce induced bacteremia. Conclusions: Bacteremia was influenced by periodontal parameters. In periodontally diseased patients, pre-procedural rinsing showed a discrete effect on bacteremia control.

Bacteriemia em pacientes periodontais: revisão de literatura / Bacteremia in periodontal patients: a literature review

Bacteriemia é a presença de microrganismos - bactérias, vírus e fungos - viáveis no sangue circulante. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar a literatura sobre bacteriemia enfocando principalmente seu impacto sistêmico e os estudos em odontologia/periodontia. Para isso foram acessadas as bases Pubmed e Scielo, sendo aceitos artigos publicados em português ou inglês, entre os anos 2002 a 2014. Os trabalhos demonstraram que os episódios de bacteriemia resolvem-se espontaneamente na maioria das ocorrências, mas que podem haver complicações graves embora pouco frequentes. Embora o efeito cumulativo dos episódios de bacteriemia ainda não tenha sido esclarecido, a bacteriemia sofre influência da condição periodontal. Em pacientes periodontalmente doentes, até atividades cotidianas podem desencadear o evento. Antibióticos profiláticos devem ser prescritos para pacientes de risco. Os estudos em periodontia ainda são relativamente escassos e inconsistentes. Inúmeras questões ainda precisam ser investigadas...

Bacteremia is the presence of viable microorganisms – bacteria, virus and fungi – in the blood. The aim of the present study was to review literature about bacteremia focusing on its systemic impact and studies in dentistry/ periodontics. Pubmed and Scielo databases were consulted. Manuscripts published in Portuguese and English between 2002 a 2014 were accepted. Data showed that bacteremia is frequently associated with spontaneous resolution although in same cases there could be severe comorbidity. Cumulative effect due to episodes of bacteremia has not been already investigated. Periodontal diseases influence bacteremia. In periodontally diseased patients, even daily activities can induce bacteremia. Prophylactic antibiotics should be prescribed for at-risk patients. Studies in periodontics are still scarce. Several questions should be investigated...

Clinical and microbiological evaluation of one-stage full-mouth disinfection: a short-term study / Avaliação clínica e microbiológica do protocolo one-stage full-mouth disinfection: estudo de curto prazo

Introduction: Patients seem to adhere better to short-term periodontal treatment schemes. Besides, time-reduced treatments are more cost-effective. However, the degree of benefits related to this type of treatment still requires additional investigations. Aim: The present short-term study evaluated clinical and microbiological outcomes, from baseline to 3-months, of chronic periodontitis subjects treated by the one-stage full-mouth disinfection protocol. Material and Method: Sixteen chronic periodontitis subjects (mean-age 49.87 ± 8.22) who met inclusion/exclusion criteria were included. A calibrated examiner measured whole-mouth plaque and gingival indices, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level at baseline and at 3-months. Subgingival samples were also collected from the 5 most diseased periodontal sites to determine total bacterial load and levels of P. gingivalis and S. oralis by real time qPCR. Periodontal treatment consisted of full-mouth manual debridement plus wide intraoral use of chlorhexidine in gel and solution. Additionally, after debridement, individuals rinsed 0.12% chlorhexidine at home twice a day for the following 2 months. Data monitored were compared by paired Student-t test (p<0.05). Result: Statistical analysis revealed that, in general, one-stage full-mouth disinfection treatment provided significant clinical and microbiological improvements at 3-months. Total bacterial load showed one of the most pronounced reductions from baseline to 3-months (p=0.0001). Also, subgingival levels P. gingivalis and S. oralis reduced overtime. Conclusion: After a short period of monitoring, chronic periodontitis subjects showed clinical and microbial improvements following one-stage full-mouth disinfection treatment.

Introdução: Os pacientes parecem aderir melhor ao tratamento periodontal de curto prazo. Além disso, tratamentos de tempo curto possuem melhor custo-benefício. No entanto, os benefícios associados a este tipo de tratamento ainda requerem investigações adicionais. Objetivo: O presente estudo avaliou longitudinalmente indivíduos com periodontite crônica clínica e microbiologicamente tratados pelo protocolo one-stage full-mouth disinfection. Material e Método: Dezesseis indivíduos (49,87 ± 8,22), que se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão/exclusão foram incluídos. Um examinador calibrado, avaliou índice de placa e gengival, profundidade de bolsa e nível clínico de inserção pré e pós terapia. Amostras subgengivais coletadas dos cinco sítios periodontais mais doentes estabeleceram a carga bacteriana total e níveis de P. gingivalis e S. oralis por qPCR. One-stage full-mouth disinfection foi realizado com instrumentos manuais associado a gel de clorexidina e solução. Após, os indivíduos utilizaram clorexidina 0,12% para bochecho, duas vezes ao dia, durante os dois meses. Dados foram comparados pelo teste pareado t de Student (p<0,05). Resultado: A análise estatística revelou que o tratamento proporcionou melhorias clínicas e microbianas significativas em três meses. A carga bacteriana total evidenciou reduções mais pronunciadas do pré para o pós-tratamento (p=0,0001). Similarmente, P. gingivalis e S. oralis mostraram redução no pós-tratamento. Conclusão: Após 3 meses de monitoramento, indivíduos com periodontite crônica apresentaram melhora clínica e microbiana com o protocolo one stage full-mouth disinfection.